Biopesticides as a promising alternative to synthetic pesticides

Synthetic pesticides have been used since antiquity to control crop pests, but they come with detrimental effects on soil, animals, and humans. Their intrusion into the environment leads to water pollution and deadly diseases. In contrast, biopesticides offer an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative. They include phyto-pesticides, microbial pesticides, and nano-biopesticides, each with specific advantages. Biopesticides are cost-effective, leave no residues, and do not contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. However, their short shelf life and target specificity pose challenges. This review highlights the merits and drawbacks of both synthetic and biopesticides, emphasizing the need for an integrated pest management approach to reduce yield loss while protecting the environment.