Impact of Microplastics and Nanoplastics on Human Health

This study investigates the potential health impacts of microplastics and nanoplastics, emphasizing the need for further research into their toxicity and behavior within the human body. Microplastics, defined as particles smaller than 5 mm, and nanoplastics, measuring less than 0.1 µm, are pervasive environmental pollutants resulting from plastic degradation. Despite extensive research on their environmental effects, their impacts on human health remain underexplored, particularly at molecular and cellular levels.

The study outlines how these particles enter the environment from primary sources (e.g., cosmetics and industrial processes) and secondary sources (degradation of larger plastics). Once in the environment, micro- and nanoplastics infiltrate the food chain, water systems, and even the air. Studies reveal their presence in various food and beverage items, including seafood, honey, and bottled water. Alarmingly, humans may ingest or inhale tens of thousands of these particles annually, with exposure also possible through skin contact.

The health risks arise from these plastics’ ability to penetrate biological barriers, including the gut, lungs, and, potentially, the skin. Nanoplastics, due to their smaller size, pose a significant risk as they can permeate membranes, circulate systemically, and interact with cells. The study highlights inflammatory reactions, oxidative stress, and metabolic disruptions linked to these particles in experimental models. Additionally, microplastics may act as carriers for toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, compounding their health risks.

While the study recognizes that polystyrene is commonly used in experiments due to its availability, it calls for investigations into other prevalent plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene. The researchers stress the importance of standardizing analytical methods and exploring chronic exposure effects to better understand these pollutants' long-term health implications.

The study concludes that there is an urgent need to evaluate how nanoplastics are absorbed, distributed, and potentially degraded in the human body. Future research should focus on understanding their cellular interactions, toxicity mechanisms, and the broader health risks posed by chronic exposure.